Apples or oranges are often added to the mix, and some recipes also call for beaten eggs to be tempered into the drink. Modern recipes begin with a base of wine, fruit juice or mulled ale, sometimes with brandy or sherry added. Later, the drink evolved to become a mulled cider made with sugar, cinnamon, ginger and nutmeg, topped with slices of toast as sops and drunk from a large communal bowl. The earliest versions were warmed mead into which roasted crab apples were dropped and burst to create a drink called 'lambswool' drunk on Lammas day, still known in Shakespeare's time. Wassail is a hot, mulled punch often associated with Yuletide, often drunk from a ' wassail bowl'. The "Wassail Butler" of Chepstow holding a wassail bowl. 10 was the first record of the term's use in a more general sense of " carousal" or "revelling". Shakespeare's 1603 use of "Keep wassel" in Hamlet i. By 1598 it was being applied to the custom of drinking healths on those nights. 1300, the sense had extended from a toast to the drink itself, especially to the spiced ale used in Twelfth-night and Christmas Eve celebrations. friend.,"beloved friend, wassail!" the other said, "drinkhail!"]īy c. The earliest example of the drinking phrases in a specifically English context comes from a manuscript of 1275, preserving a 12th-century text which has Old English: Þat freond sæiðe to freonde.Leofue freond wæs hail Þe oðer sæið Drinc hail. The second expression, "drinkhail", may derive either from Old Norse or Old English, again with a variety of spellings including drinkel, drincheheil, drechehel, drincheheil, drinceseil, drinqueheil, drinkeil and dringail. Later Middle English manuscripts have a variety of spellings, including wæs hæil, wæshail, wessail, washayl, washail, wesseyl, wassayl, wassaile, wassaylle, wessayle, whatsaile and whatsaill. The earliest record is of around 1140, in Geoffrey of Monmouth's telling of the Rowena story, which has wes heil.drinc heil (or, in a variant reading, was heil). The expression later became part of the drinking formula "wassail.drinkhail" which, the OED suggests, initially arose in England among the Anglo-Danes, and from there spread to the native population, being considered a specifically Anglo Saxon characteristic by the 12th century. The English interjection " hail" is a cognate of the etymon of the second part of "wassail", and was probably influenced by the Old English phrase. It was initially used in the sense of 'hail' or 'farewell', without any drinking connotation.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "wassail" originated as a borrowing from the Old Norse salutation ves heill, corresponding to Old English hál wes þú or wes hál – literally meaning 'be in good health' or 'be fortunate'.
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